The Barracuda spam filter's algorithm is trained in real-time by the Mark as Spam button, similar to how GMail's spam filter works. The more people that report a given spammer, the more likely it will be blocked in the future.
This Mark as Spam button does not guarantee that a given sender will never reach you again. What it does do is 1) send the message back to Barracuda's headquarters where they analyze reported spam from hundreds of thousands of Barracuda filters to improve blocking in their next daily algorithm update and 2) delete it from your inbox.
Please use this button to delete spam instead of just deleting the message. It helps everyone!